Question:
Salam Sheikh,
I have been reading different articles about Hanafi fiqh. There is a website run by Sh Faraz Rabbani with a lot of information. I read the following on there:
“The congregational Eid prayer is necessary (wajib) upon the same individuals who are obliged to attend the Friday congregational prayer. These individuals are:
– Sane, adult men, which excludes women and children
– Residents, which excludes travellers
– Those in good health, which excludes genuinely sick people
It should be noted that if women, children, travellers or sick individuals attend the Eid prayer, they are rewarded for their attendance. The aforementioned point is merely illustrating that it is not incumbent upon them to attend, which means that they are not sinful if they miss the prayer.
Here is the link to the article: http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/04/the-fiqh-of-eid-al-fitr-eid-al-adha/
Is my understanding correct that because women get rewarded for attendance, it is being recommended by the above scholar? If this is the case then why do our Indian scholars always prohibit or discourage women from attending Eid? The writer even mentions scholars like Shurunbulฤli and Ibn Abidin. Are these not Hanafi scholars? I am very confused now. Please explain.
(Question published as received)
Answer:
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
According to the sharฤซโah, a woman is required to stay at home and not emerge except for something the sharฤซโah has sanctioned or some genuine need. This measure is put in place from the Divine Legislator (shฤriโ) for preserving the sanctity and stature of women themselves.
Consider the following:
Allฤh Taโฤlฤ states in the qurโฤn:
ููููุฑููู ููู ุจููููุชูููููู ููููุง ุชูุจูุฑููุฌููู ุชูุจูุฑููุฌู ุงููุฌูุงูููููููุฉู ุงููุฃููููู…
โRemain in your homes, and do not display (your beauty) as it used to be displayed in the days of earlier ignorance (pre-Islฤmic era) โฆ
โQurโฤn: 33:33
ุนููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูููููู ุจู ู ุณุนูุฏุ ุนููู ุงููููุจูููู ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ูุ ููุงูู: ุงูู ูุฑูุฃูุฉู ุนูููุฑูุฉูุ ููุฅูุฐูุง ุฎูุฑูุฌูุชู ุงุณูุชูุดูุฑูููููุง ุงูุดููููุทูุงูู
โAbdullฤh ibn Masโลซd (raแธiyallฤhu โanhu) narrated that the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wa sallam) said: โThe woman is โawrah, so when she goes out, shayแนญฤn casts his gaze upon her [to tempt her and tempt others with her].โ
แธคadฤซth: al-Tirmidhฤซ โ 1173
ย
One would be mistaken to describe a womanโs emergence to the โฤซd แนฃalฤh as being โencouraged.โ According to the แธฅanafฤซ madhhab, women were once permitted to attend the โฤซd congregation, but this concession has now come to an end. The initial permissibility was sanctioned by the sharฤซโah on the basis of some conditions. Since these conditions are no longer met (see below), the original permissibility no longer applies.
Let us look at what the erudite fuqahฤโ (jurists) of the แธฅanafฤซ madhhab have stated in regard to this:
Imฤm Muแธฅammad (raแธฅimahullฤh) reports in al-Aแนฃl from the founding แธฅanafฤซ imฤms (Imฤm Abลซ แธคanฤซfah, Imฤm Abลซ Yลซsuf and Imฤm Muแธฅammad himself) that they said in answer to the question: โDo you give concession for women to attend [the Eclipse Prayer]?โ: โI give no concession for women for any kind of emergence, besides an old aged woman, as I give concession for her to come out to the two โฤซds and fajr and โishฤโ แนฃalฤh.โ In answer to a similar question about women coming out to โฤซd, he reports: โA concession used to be given to them for that, but today I regard it to be reprehensible.โ [1]
โAllฤmah al-Kฤsฤnฤซ (d. 587 H) describes this reprehensibility (karฤhah) as one of impermissibility, stating, โIt is not permissible for those that are not elderly (shawฤbb) from amongst [women] to come out to any แนฃalฤhโ. Al-Kฤsฤnฤซ further states that there is consensus (ijmฤโ) that there is no concession for women who are not elderly (shawฤbb) to emerge for any แนขalฤh. [2]
He also states: โAs for women, are they permitted to emerge for the two โฤซds? They (the fuqahฤโ) have unanimously agreed that non-elderly women are not permitted to emerge for jumuโah, the two โฤซds or for any แนฃalฤh due to the verse of Allฤh Taโฤlฤ, โAnd remain in your homesโ [al-Aแธฅzฤb: 33], because their emerging is a means of fitnah and fitnah is แธฅarฤm[1], and that which leads to แธฅarฤm is also แธฅarฤm. As for old women, they are permitted to emerge for fajr, maghrib, โishฤโ and the two โฤซds. The jurists have disputed in regard to them emerging for แบuhr, โaแนฃr and jumuโah. Imฤm Abลซ แธคanฤซfah states, they shall not be permitted, whereas Imฤm Abลซ Yลซsuf and Imฤm Muแธฅammad (แนฃฤแธฅibayn) say, they will be permittedโฆThis difference of opinion is with regard to [whether or not there is] leeway and permissibility. There is no difference of opinion with regard to the fact that the afแธal (most virtuous and superior) option is for women not to emerge [from their homes] due to what has been narrated from the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wa sallam), โThe แนฃalฤh of a woman performed in her courtyard is more rewarding than her แนฃalฤh performed in her [local] masjid; her แนฃalฤh performed in her home is more rewarding than her แนฃalฤh performed in her courtyard; and her แนฃalฤh performed in her bedroom is more rewarding than her แนฃalฤh performed in [the rest of] her home.โ[2]
โAlฤซ ibn Abฤซ Bakr al-Farghฤnฤซ al-Marghฤซnฤnฤซ (raแธฅimahullฤh) (d. 593 H) states in al-Hidฤyah: โIt is makrลซh for them (i.e. for non-elderly women) to attend the congregation due to fear of fitnah. There is no problem for elderly women to be present at fajr, maghrib, and โฤซshฤโ. This is according to Imฤm Abลซ แธคanฤซfah. They (แนฃฤแธฅibayn) say: They are permitted to emerge for all แนฃalฤhs since there is no fear of fitnah due to desire being absent for them, like they are permitted for โฤซd. [3]
Abลซ โl-Faแธl Majd al-Dฤซn al-Mawแนฃilฤซ (raแธฅimahullฤh) (d. 683 H) states in al-Ikhtiyฤr: โIt is makrลซh for women to attend the jamฤโah due to the แธฅadฤซth of Rasลซlullฤh (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wa sallam), ‘Their homes are better for them,โ and also due to fear of fitnah. This (ruling) is by consensus for non-elderly women. As for the elderly women, they may attend Fajr, Maghrib, and โฤซshฤโ. ย However, the preferred opinion in our times is that even that is not permissible due to the corruption of the times and due to immorality being rampant.โ [4]
โAllฤmah al-Shurunbulฤlฤซ al-แธคanafฤซ (raแธฅimahullฤh) (d. 1069 H) states in Marฤqฤซ al-Falฤแธฅ: โIt is makrลซh for women to make jamฤโah with one of them (i.e. behind a female Imฤm) and they should (also) not attend the (main) congregation due to fitnah.โ He further states, โThey are not permitted to attend (the congregation).โ [5]
He also states in his marginalia of โDurar al-แธคukkฤm Sharแธฅ Ghurar al-Aแธฅkฤmโ: โAs for his statementโ’It is mentioned in al-Kฤfฤซ, the fatwฤ today is of undesirability for all แนฃalฤhsโฆโโOthers have said: The later mashฤyikh (scholars) have issued fatwฤ of impermissibility for elderly women to attend any แนฃalฤh. It is mentioned in al-Kฤfฤซ: When it is makrลซh for women to attend the masjid for แนฃalฤh, then it is more so makrลซh to attend the gatherings of knowledge and advice by these ignorant ones who have adorned themselves as scholars, as stated by Fakhr al-Islฤm (raแธฅimahullฤh)โ [6]
โAllฤmah Ibn Nujaym al-แธคanafฤซ (raแธฅimahullฤh) reiterates the same ruling in al-Baแธฅr al-Rฤโiq. He further mentions that a husband can only permit his wife to emerge for those things which are necessary. If he allows her to emerge more than that, then they both will be sinful.[7]
It is clear from the above-cited references that classical scholars of แธฅanafฤซ fiqh, from the early and later generations, have given fatwฤ that it is makrลซh taแธฅrฤซmฤซ (impermissible) for women to attend the โฤซd แนฃalฤh. In light of all the references provided, we feel that the respected ustฤdhah in question has erred in presenting the correct แธฅanafฤซ stance on which fatwฤ is given.
We also understand the following points from the above discussion:
– The classical fuqahฤโ did not permit non-elderly women to attend any แนฃalฤh, be it the 5 daily prayers, jumuโah or โฤซd, due to fear of fitnah.
– There is some difference of opinion amongst the early and later แธฅanafฤซ scholars in regard to elderly women emerging for แนฃalฤh. However, the precautionary opinion is that even they should not emerge, as the โillah of fitnah is now applicable to them due to the hypersexual climate we live in.
Note: The แธฅanafฤซ fuqahฤโ do not dismiss the narrations wherein Rasลซlullฤh (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wa sallam) permitted women to attend the โฤซd prayers or likewise the practice of women coming for แนฃalฤh in the time of Rasลซlullฤh (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wa sallam). However, the ruling has changed due to a change in the times. The explanation of this is as follows:
Some Aแธฅฤdฤซth clearly put the condition of not applying fragrance for the emergence of women for แนฃalฤh. The general purport of this condition is that womenโs emergence for แนฃalฤh is premised on the absence of temptation (fitnah). This condition is not met in later times; hence a general rule of prohibition applies.
Qฤแธฤซ โIyฤแธ said: โThe Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wa sallam) forbade women from emerging for the masฤjid when they are perfumed and fragranced on account of men being tempted by their nice scent โฆ Included in the purport of fragrance is the appearance of adornment, fine clothing and the sound of bangles and jewellery.โ (Ikmฤl al-Muโlim, 2:355)
The major late shฤfiโฤซ authority, Ibn แธคajar al-Haytamฤซ (909 โ 973 H), quotes a lengthy statement from one of the later scholars of his madhhab explaining this. Part of what this late scholar said is:
โIf you ask: Do you advocate banning women from coming out to the masฤjid, conventions, visiting graves besides the grave of the Prophet (Allฤh bless him and grant him peace)? I say: How can I not say this when this has become agreed-upon due to the absence of the condition of the permissibility of coming out in his time (Allฤh bless him and grant him peace), which is piety and chastityโฆ [Al-Ghazฤlฤซ] said: โIt is necessary to ban women from attending the masฤjid for แนฃalฤh and the gatherings of remembrance when temptation on their account is anticipated.โ These are statements of the โulamฤโ on the ruling on this having changed because of a change in the times. Those who made these pronouncements are the majority of the โulamฤโ from the mujtahids and the proficient imฤms and the righteous jurists, who are the experts, so it is necessary to accept their statements, as they are the guides of the ummah, and their choice for us is better than our preference for ourselves, and whoever opposes them is following his desireโฆ[The earlier jurists who said attendance was permissible or makrลซh tanzฤซhฤซ, their intent] was when the anticipation of temptation is not consequential upon their emergence. When it is consequential, then it is แธฅarฤm without doubtโฆThe intent of โtemptationโ (fitnah) is unlawful intercourse (zinฤ) and its precursors like (lustful) glances, solitude, touching and the like of that.โ Al-Haytamฤซ then comments: โHow brilliant is this statement and how worthy of being correct!โ (al-Fatฤwฤ al-Fiqhiyya al-Kubrฤ, 1:202-3)
As for the concession that has been given to old women, it should be understood that it is referring to those old women who are extremely elderly (mutafฤniyฤt) as explained by al-Kamฤl ibn al-Humฤm in Fatแธฅ al-Qadฤซr:
ย ูุงูู ุนุชู ุฏ ู ูุน ุงูููู ูู ุงูููู ุฅููุง ุงูุนุฌุงุฆุฒ ุงูู ุชูุงููุงุช ููู ุง ูุธูุฑ ูู ุฏูู ุงููุนุฌุงุฆุฒ ุงูู ุชุจุฑูุญุงุช ูุฐูุงุช ุงูุฑู ู ูุงููููู ุณุจุญุงูู ูุชุนุงูู ุฃุนูู
Please note that based on the quotations above from the leading imฤms of the แธฅanafฤซ madhhab, from its inception right until later times, it would be absurd to claim that only Deobandฤซ-แธคanafฤซ scholars prohibit women from coming to the masjid.
Andย Allah knows best
(Mufti) Bilal al-Mahmudi
22 Dhu l-แธคijjah 1438 / 13 September 2017
Checked and Approved by,
Mufti Faisal al-Mahmudi (with the following comments):
I concur with the answer prepared by Mufti Bilal. There is no dispute that there is indeed some discussion on the difference of opinion in regard to allowing elderly women for such congregations. However, an objective view of the situation will reveal that just as changes had occurred between the time of Rasulullah ๏ทบ and the times of the early fuqahฤโ, similarly, a lot has changed since then to now.
Those few factors (also highlighted in this article) which led to giving some leeway for women to attend โฤซd แนฃalฤh need an honest re-evaluation. A couple of those points include:
1. โฤชd แนฃalฤh used to be in grounds whereas in our time it has become like a jumu’ah gathering. In most localities, an โฤซd แนฃalฤh gathering is held in a local masjid and not in grounds. Even the halls and auditoriums which are booked only cater for bare minimum segregation. So much so that a general mingling becomes inevitable. So, even if we were to take the dispensation of Imฤm Abลซ แธคanฤซfah, we will have to apply the ruling he gave for jumuโah congregation, which is of impermissibility due to the crowd bumping into each other and causing fitnah.
2. Another factor which Imฤm Abลซ แธคanฤซfah discusses while giving relaxation for โฤซd แนฃalah was that แนฃulaแธฅฤโs haybah (gravitas) overpowers the fitnah of fussฤq. The reality in our time is reverse. แนฃulaแธฅฤโ are more worried of their own โizzah and honour while making nahy โanil munkar to intermingling youth of opposite sexes. While the youth mingle, talk flagrantly, take selfies using these venues as a platform to make evening plans, the elders and แนฃulaแธฅฤโ choose to save their own honour, lest the youth talk back and create a scene.
3. The dispensation given earlier was also with the motive of either gaining rewards or showing kathrah (abundance) of Muslims in the land. Whereas in our times, our women attend โฤซd venue for the sake of rejoice. This is why they choose to overlook the severity of not applying perfumes and adornment when emerging from homes, rather โฤซd venues become a bazaar filled with flagrant display of glamour.
Any objective mind can realise these characteristics do not reflect the reasons and temperament of the earlier fuqahฤโ. Effort towards rectification of the masses is the prime duty of any faqฤซh, and hence the dispensation for such venues cannot be given, despite the desire for contextualising this issue to our contemporary era.
The second important comment I wish to make is that Mufti Bilal has represented the แธฅanafฤซ stance on this issue. In todayโs time it is important to differentiate between an authoritative แธฅanafฤซ stance (muftฤ bihi) and a contemporary fatwฤ from a แธฅanafi muftฤซ.
Finally, I wish and desire that seekers and students who ask these questions instil the mind-set of seeking an idealist position in the sight of Allฤh Taโฤlฤ. It has always been easy to find a fatwฤ which suits oneโs ease and follow it to please oneโs desire. But the challenge is to seek what is best in the sight of Allฤh, and follow it despite the discussions of differences in opinion. It is for this reason, the แนฃaแธฅฤbiyyฤt (raแธiyallฤhu โanhunn) would choose the inner portions of their homes to pray, despite knowing well that dispensation had been given for them to go to the แธคaram. Sometimes, what seems most virtuous to us is not the most virtuous in the court of Allฤh. Finding and opting for the latter is the hallmark of a muโmin.
Mufti Faisal al-Mahmudi
www.fatwa.ca
Checked and Approved by,
Mufti Zameelur Rahman (with the following comments on the subject of ikhtilฤแนญ – unnecessary mixing of non-elderly men and women):
As the โhuman being has been created weakโ (Qurโฤn, 4:28) and โno temptation (fitnah) is greater for men than womenโ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 5096), the sharฤซโah has placed strict safeguards against men and women interacting. One of these safeguards is the prohibition of unnecessary mixing (mukhฤlaแนญah, ikhtilฤแนญ, imtizฤj, ijtimฤโ) between non-elderly men and women, a position upheld by the vast majority of the classical jurists. Mixing refers to there being no segregation between men and women, that is, men and women are together in the same place, and donโt have their own areas or seating places. Unfortunately, due mainly to influences of non-Islฤmic systems of morality, many Muslims have become very relaxed with regards to this ruling. Some even oppose and ridicule it.
แธคijฤb primarily means to screen women from men but also has the secondary meaning of being fully covered when a womanโs person is exposed to onlookers due to some need, e.g. on the streets, in the markets or during แธฅajj. The obligation of แธฅijฤb began towards the end of the 5th year of Hijrah with the revelation of verses in Sลซrat al-Aแธฅzฤb. From this time onward, care was taken to ensure non-elderly men and women do not unnecessarily intermingle or mix.
The incident of slander (ifk) referred to in verses of Sลซrat al-Nลซr occurred in the 6th year of Hijrah, after the revelation of แธฅijฤb. Thus, while explaining its background, โฤโishah (raแธiyallฤhu โanhฤ) said: โI had come out with the Messenger of Allฤh (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) after แธฅijฤb was revealed and thus I was carried in a hawdaj and put down in it.โ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 4750; Fatแธฅ al-Bฤrฤซ, Dฤr แนฌaybah, 10:386) โฤโishahโs person was completely concealed in the hawdaj. Ibn แธคajar explains: โThat is, after the command of แธฅijฤb was revealed, meaning the concealment of women from men looking at them, while before that they were not forbidden [from this]. She said this as an explanation for why she was concealed in the hawdaj, to the point that this led to them [later on in the journey] carrying it when she was not inside it while they believed she was inside it; as distinguished from before the แธฅijฤb, as it may have been that women then rode on the backs of the saddles without a hawdaj.โ (ibid. 10:395)
When later in the journey โฤโishah (raแธiyallฤhu โanhฤ) returned from searching for her misplaced necklace to find the caravan had left, she explains: โI headed towards my position where I was, and I assumed that they would find me missing and come back for me. While I was sitting at my place, my eyes overcame me and I slept. Safwฤn ibn al-Muโaแนญแนญal al-Sulamฤซ al-Dhakwฤnฤซ was behind the army, and he proceeded in the morning to where I was resting, and saw the shape of a person sleeping. He came to me and recognised me when he saw me, as he had seen me before แธฅijฤb. I woke up when he said innฤ lillฤhi wa innฤ ilayhi rฤjiโลซn upon recognising me, so I covered my face with my jilbฤb, and by Allฤh he did not say to me a word and nor did I hear from him anything besides innฤ lillฤhi wa innฤ ilayhi rฤjiโลซnโฆโ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 4750; Fatแธฅ al-Bฤrฤซ, Dฤr แนฌaybah, 10:387) This demonstrates that after the revelation of แธฅijฤb, extreme care was taken to ensure men did not see women in general circumstances, while in cases of necessity she was covered fully.
There are narrations of แนฃaแธฅฤbah drinking wine in the time of the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) or engaging in mutโah marriage. These narrations obviously cannot be advanced as evidence as they occurred before the prohibition of these acts. Similarly, it will be mistaken to use incidents before the revelation of แธฅijฤb as proof for the permissibility of unnecessary mixing. Likewise, incidents in which elderly women are in reference are not evidence that this would be allowed for non-elderly women. For example, Sahl ibn Saโd (raแธiyallฤhu โanhumฤ) explained that the young แนฃaแธฅฤbah came to eat at a womanโs house after Jumuโah, and in one version, it is clarified that she was an elderly woman (โajลซz). (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 6248)
The congregational แนฃalฤh that would take place in the time of the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) would not entail mixing. Some narrations indicate that women were only permitted to emerge for แนฃalฤh in the night (i.e. for Fajr and โIshฤโ). (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 865; Fatแธฅ al-Bฤrฤซ, 3:109-10) โฤโishah said: โThe Messenger of Allฤh (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) would pray Fajr, and women from the believers would attend with him wrapped up in their cloaks, and then they would return to their houses while no-one recognised them.โ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 372; Fatแธฅ al-Bฤrฤซ, 2:89) Note, these women would return immediately after the แนฃalฤh and were not recognised by anyone.
Measures were taken for men and women not to mix. Umm Salamah (raแธiyallฤhu โanhฤ) said: โ[The Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam)] would make salฤm, and the women would turn away and enter their houses before the Messenger of Allฤh (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) [and the male companions] turned away.โ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 850; Fatแธฅ al-Bฤrฤซ, 3:89) Al-Zuhrฤซ, a narrator of this แธฅadฤซth, explains: โThis was so that the women turn back before the men catch up with them.โ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 875) Ibn แธคajar comments that this แธฅadฤซth shows โthe reprehensibility of men mixing with women on the roads, let alone in homes.โ (ibid. 3:92-3) The Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) said: โThe best rows of men are the first and the worst of them are the last, and the best rows of women are the last and worst of them the first.โ (Saแธฅฤซแธฅ Muslim) Again, this is to show that men and women are to be separate from one another. One narration even indicates that there was a separate entrance for women in the time of the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam). (Sunan Abฤซ Dฤwลซd, 460; Badhl al-Majhลซd, Dฤr al-Bashฤโir al-Islฤmiyyah, 3:186) Womenโs emergence for แนฃalฤh was premised on such principles being adhered to. Once these principles were not maintained, and decadence became the norm amongst people, the ruling changed (as explained in the above answer).
Female companions complained to the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) that โthe men have overpowered us with you, so arrange a day for usโฆโย (Saแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 101) This shows men and women would not gather together in the same sitting โ otherwise, there would be no reason the women could not attend with the men.
A governor of Makkah from the early part of the second century Hijrah, Muแธฅammad ibn Hishฤm, stopped women completely from making แนญawฤf when men were making แนญawฤf, i.e. they had completely separate times for making แนญawฤf. (Fatแธฅ al-Bฤrฤซ, 4:548-9) โAแนญฤโ ibn Abฤซ Rabฤแธฅ (26 โ 114), the great scholar of Makkah, questioned this, stating that the wives of the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) made แนญawฤf when there were men present. His well-known student, Ibn Jurayj (80 โ 150 H), at this, asked: โHow was it that [women] were mixing with the men [in แนญawฤf]?โ He said: โThey would not mix, โฤโishah would perform แนญawฤf screened from the men, not mixing with them.โ (แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ, 1618) In other words, even in แนญawฤf, in the blessed era of the Salaf, men and women would keep separate from one another. Al-Fฤkihฤซ (ca. 210 โ 275 H) reports with his chain to Ibrฤhฤซm al-Nakhaโฤซ: โโUmar forbade men from making แนญawฤf with women. He once saw a man making แนญawฤf with the women and he struck him with a whip.โ (Akhbฤr Makkah, Dฤr Khaแธir, 1:252)
Ibn แธคibbฤn narrates in his แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ that the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam) said: โWomen do not have [a share in] the middle of the path.โ Ibn แธคibbฤn explains that when a woman comes out for a need, she should not walk in the middle of the path. This is because men walk in the middle, and doing so may result in men and women coming in very close proximity to one another. This is the teaching of Islฤm in the case of the road, so it would be even more emphasised in the case of closed environments.
โฤโishah (raแธiyallฤhu โanhฤ), perhaps the greatest female teacher amongst the แนฃaแธฅฤbah, would teach from behind a screen (แธฅijฤb/sitr) as mentioned in แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ al-Bukhฤrฤซ and แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ Muslim. Aแธฅmad ibn Hanbal narrated that a group of students of แธฅadฤซth came to the great muแธฅaddith, Abu l-Ashhab (70 โ 165 H), and did not know which แธฅadฤซth to ask of him, until his daughter informed them from behind a screen of a แธฅadith to learn from him. (Musnad Aแธฅmad, 33:401) From the blessed time of the Salaf, immense care would be taken to avoid intermingling โ and this was despite the fact that their hearts were infinitely purer than ours. The Qurโฤn says that if men (i.e. the male แนฃaแธฅฤbah) are to ask something of the wives of the Prophet (แนฃallallฤhu โalayhi wasallam), they are to do so โfrom behind a screenโ because โthat is purer for your hearts and their heartsโ. (Qurโฤn, 33:53) If the purest of hearts, that of the male companions and the wives of the Prophet, are affected by such interactions, people after them are in far greater need of such measures.
According to a group of the imฤms, it is recommended to stand behind the bier as it is being carried to its burial place. However, al-แนฌaแธฅฤwฤซ recorded from โUmar ibn al-Khaแนญแนญฤb (raแธiyallฤhu โanhu) and his student, al-Aswad ibn Yazฤซd, that they would at times walk in front of the bier because women were following it from behind. This was done in order to avoid mixing with them. (Sharแธฅ Maโฤnฤซ al-ฤthฤr, 1:485) Al-แนฌaแธฅฤwฤซ says: โ[The students of Ibn Masโลซd] would discourage [walking in front of the bier] and then would do it for an excuse, as that is better than mixing with women when they are close to the bier.โ (ibid.) Badr al-Dฤซn al-โAynฤซ al-แธคanafฤซ adds in his commentary: โbecause mixing (mukhฤlaแนญah) with non-related women is แธฅarฤm, while going ahead of the bier is permissible.โ (Nukhab al-Afkฤr, 7:268)
Abลซ โAbdillฤh al-แธคalฤซmฤซ (338 โ 403 H), one of the major early Shฤfiโฤซ mujtahids, said: โAllฤh says: โO you who believe, protect yourselves and your families from the Fire.โ Included in the totality of this is that a man protects his wife and daughter from mixing with men and conversing with them and being alone with them.โ (al-Minhฤj fฤซ Shuโab al-Imฤn, 3:398)
Al-Mฤwardฤซ (364 โ 450 H), another major early Shฤfiโฤซ authority, said: โA woman is forbidden from mixing with men and is ordered to stay in the house [when there is no need to come out].โ (al-แธคฤwi al-Kabฤซr, 2:51) Abลซ Isแธฅฤq al-Shฤซrฤzฤซ (393 โ 476 H), another major Shฤfiโฤซ authority, states: โ[Jumuโah] is not obligatory on a woman because of what Jฤbir (raแธiyallฤhu โanhu) narratedโฆand because she may mix with men and that is แธฅarฤm.โ (al-Muhadhdhab, Dฤr al-Qalam, 1:358)
Imฤm al-Ghazฤlฤซ (450 โ 505 H) said: โWhen the speaker is a non-elderly man (shฤbb), attractive to women in dress and appearance, with plenty of poems, allusions and movements, and women attend his gathering, this is an abomination (munkar) which must be prevented, since the corruption in this is greater than the benefitโฆIt is obligatory to erect a screen/barrier between men and women that prevents seeing [one another], as that is also an anticipated cause of corruption. Norms bear testimony to these abominations.โ (Iแธฅyฤโ โUlลซm al-Dฤซn, Dฤr al-Minhฤj, 4:639) Note, al-Ghazฤlฤซ wrote this more than nine-hundred years ago.
Some refer to the statement of Imฤm Mฤlik in his Muwaแนญแนญaโ on a woman eating with her husband or brother along with their male companions who are unrelated to her. However, an early Mฤlikฤซ authority from โIrฤq, Abลซ Bakr Muแธฅammad ibn al-Jahm (d. 329 H), explains that Imฤm Mฤlik is here referring to an elderly woman (โajลซz/mutajฤllah). (al-Jฤmiโ fi l-Sunan wa l-ฤdฤb wa l-Maghฤzฤซ wa l-Tฤrฤซkh, 214) This is consistent with Imฤm Mฤlikโs other remarks, as he clearly opposes intermingling and makes distinctions between elderly and non-elderly women. It is narrated in the โUtbiyyah that Imฤm Mฤlik said: โI believe the ruler is to head towards workers on account of women sitting with them, and I believe he is not to leave a non-elderly woman sitting by these workers; as for an elderly woman and a lowly slave, who would not be suspect for sitting, and nor would the one sitting next to her be suspect, I see no problem with that.โ (al-Nawฤdir wa l-Ziyฤdฤt, 8:243; al-Bayฤn wa l-Taแธฅแนฃฤซl, 9:335) Ibn Rushd al-Mฤlikฤซ (450 โ 520 H) comments on this passage from al-โUtbiyyah: โIndeed the Messenger of Allฤh (Allฤh bless him and grant him peace) said: โI did not leave a temptation more harmful for men than women,โ and he said: โCreate distance between the persons of men and women.โโ (ibid. 9:336) Furthermore, Imฤm Mฤlik states, as reported in the Muwaแนญแนญaโ, that a man may give salฤm to an elderly woman, but not to a non-elderly woman.
As detailed in the answer above, Imฤm Abลซ แธคanฤซfah and his students did not allow non-elderly women emerging for แนฃalฤh, let alone another activity not sanctioned in Sharฤซโah and not based on genuine need. The reason for this is to prevent men and women interacting or being tempted by one another to engage in the impermissible (e.g. looking with desire, speaking unnecessarily, touching etc.).
Some people argue that since mixing is not khalwah (being in solitude with a woman), it is not a sin. But khalwah is a separate, graver, sin, while mixing and intermingling is also a sin, though of a lesser category. The fact that intermingling does not necessarily entail khalwah does not mean it is not sinful.
In short, it is not permissible for non-elderly men and women to remain unnecessarily in a place where each gender is not designated their own separate area/space. Difficulties encountered in adhering to this principle does not negate its importance. Those engaged in this sin should try to eliminate it from their lives, or at minimum reduce it as far as possible, and constantly turn to Allฤh in tawbah and ask Him to make for them a means to leave it completely. The corruption in the present time and the prevalence of such immoral practices and attitudes does not justify becoming lax or complacent about these matters. Rather, because of this prevalence, it would be a greater necessity to draw attention to its prohibition.
In this respect, I end with this fitting quote from the great Mฤlikฤซ imฤm, Ibn al-แธคฤjj (ca. 657 โ 737 H), who lived more than seven-hundred years ago:
โ[The learned man] should teach [his womenfolk] the Islฤmic teaching (sunnah) of coming out when she is compelled to do so. It has been transmitted that a woman comes out in the lowliest and roughest of her clothing, dragging her cloak behind her [to the length] of one hand span or an armโs lengthโฆThe Islฤmic teaching (sunnah) has stipulated that her walking should be along the wallsโฆLook, Allฤh have mercy on us and you, at these teachings (sunan), how they have been erased in our time, to the point that they have come to be like something unknown, because of what [women] do of the opposite of these Sharโฤซ states. Thus, a woman sits at home as is known of her normal manner, with lowly garments and avoiding adornmentโฆand then when she wishes to come out, she becomes clean and adorned, looks to the finest clothing and jewellery she possesses and wears it, and then comes out on the road as if a bride that has appeared; and she walks in the middle of the road, mixing with men, and they have a way of walking โ to the point that the men, I mean the righteous amongst them, retreat to the walls to make space for them on the road; while others mix with themโฆAll of this is caused by not looking to the sunnah and its principles, and what the Salaf of this ummah (Allฤh be pleased with them) have passed upon. When a learned person draws attention to this and its likes, these holes are closed, and the blessing of that would be hoped for everyone. Those who turn back from what ought not be, this is an excellent destination, and those who do not turn back will know that he/she is engaging in sin and so will remain broken hearted due to that. The goodness in being broken is known, and it is hoped the one who is broken will repent and turn back.โ (al-Madkhal, 1:244-5)
Mufti Zameelur Rahman
Addendum
ย
Question:
Assalamu alaykum.
I read your answer on women attending the eid prayers
I have a few questions regarding it, I hope you can provide me with an answer.
1. According to my understanding, you are claiming that it is not permissible for women to come for Eid salah or any other salah. Is this correct?
2. In my city, we have the Eid salah taking place in the park. I have noticed that many women attend the Eid salah dressed attractively in their Eid clothes. Though the Eid salah facility is separated, but men and women see each other in the park before and after Eid salah. So, is it better for me to pray my Eid salah there or go a local masjid?
3. Why are women not allowed to come to the masjid for the 5 daily salahs, jumuโah and Eid, but they can come to the masjid for bayans, jalsahs and fundraising events?
Jazakallahu Khayran
(Question published as received)
Answer:
ย In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the most Merciful.
1. Your understanding is correct.
2. You should not perform your แนฃalฤh where the disobedience of Allฤh Taโฤlฤ is taking place. Such places are devoid of barakah. If you have the option of performing your โฤซd แนฃalฤh at your local masjid, you should perform it there.
3. There is a vast difference between prohibiting women from coming to the masjid for the 5 daily แนฃalฤhs, jumuโah and โฤซd and allowing them to attend infrequent spiritual programmes or talks. It is incorrect to compare one to the other. The fuqahฤโ have categorically prohibited women from coming to the masjid for แนฃalฤhs. However, they have expressed leeway in women attending infrequent spiritual programmes as long as certain conditions are met. The reason for this leeway is the need for women to gain Islฤmic education and tarbiyah.
According to Muftฤซ Rashฤซd Aแธฅmad Ludhyฤnwฤซ, the permissibility of attending spiritual talks will only be in effect if the following guidelines are followed:
a. The scholars of the time trust the knowledge, piety and the method of spiritual reformation of the speaker.
b. The talks emphatically speak against the innovations and incorrect practices that are prevalent in society.
c. The effect of the talks is such that they instil within listeners the concern to become good Muslims and assist others in becoming good Muslims. It also causes people to abandon evil practices.
d. The programme should be fully segregated. There should be no intermingling even at the entrance of the masjid. (Separate entrance should be arranged for women)
e. Women should not attend the programme wearing attractive, embroidered, colourful and scented clothing.
f. There should be a good distance between the seating area of men and women, such that the male speakerโs voice should not be heard in the ladiesโ section without the microphone.
g. The talk should not be held on more than a weekly basis.
Such pious โulamฤโ who abide by the above conditions are very rare in our times. There are many speakers out there who hold talks for women, but they violate the clear injunctions of Islฤm. It will not be permissible to attend their talks. ย The fuqahฤโ refer to such speakers as โjuhhฤlโ (ignorant) and very firmly mention the reprehensibility of attending their talks.[3] Nowadays, talks of โulamฤโ can be listened to online [4] or over a receiver, an option that women should avail themselves of so as to avoid unnecessarily coming out of their homes.
We were unable to find any scope for attending fundraising events.
In conclusion, it is not permissible for women to come to the masjid for any แนฃalฤhs. However, they may attend infrequent segregated programmes of knowledge and spiritual reformation (iแนฃlฤแธฅ). These programmes should be held by reliable, pious โUlamฤโ of the community and not by those who are merely โUlamฤโ by name – who advocate intermingling of sexes, violation of the injunctions of Islฤm (e.g. excessively trimming the beard, dismissing the sharโฤซ niqฤb) and other evils.
Andย Allฤh Taโฤlฤ knows bestย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย
(Mufti) Bilal al-Mahmudiย ย ย ย ย ย ย
21 Ramaแธฤn 1439 / 05 June 2018
Concurred by Mufti Zameelur Rahman with the following comment:
There are two Sharโฤซย reasons the Fuqahฤโ have mentioned for why a womanโs attendance to any place outside the home would be restricted:
1. Khurลซj (coming out of the boundaries of the home) on oneโs own is not in general allowed for women, unless there is a genuine reason or need (e.g. going to the lavatory, visiting a relative, acquiring necessary items when no one is available to do so etc.). Sometimes the genuine reason is premised on some conditions, and only if these conditions are met, is it permissible for her to leave the house. An example is attending the masjid for แนฃalฤh, which the Sharฤซโah has stipulated as a genuine reason for a woman to leave the house, but is conditional on right practice and right conditions. Since the right practice and conditions are no longer found, the general prohibition of leaving the house applies even for attending the masjid. This has been the case from the time of the imฤms of the แธคanafฤซ madhhab until today, and if anything, has only become worse.
2. Fitnah (men being tempted by women to engage in lustful glances, touching etc.) and other impermissible consequences that would arise as a result (e.g. unrestricted intermingling [ikhtilฤแนญ]).
On the question of infrequent gatherings of waโแบ (advice), scholars have expressed different opinions, premised on the level of need and whether the right conditions are being met. If the guidelines Muftฤซ Rashฤซd Aแธฅmad Ludhyฤnwฤซ has outlined (Aแธฅsan al-Fatฤwฤ, 8:61) are followed, there would be scope for women to attend infrequent gatherings of waโแบ. (On female madrasahs and institutes of religious education, see: ibid. 8:59-60)
ูุงู ูู ุงูููุฏูุฉ: ูููุณ ููุฒูุฌ ุฃู ูู ูุน ูุงูุฏููุง ูููุฏูุง ู ู ุบูุฑู ูุฃูููุง ู ู ุงููุธุฑ ุฅูููุง ูููุงู ูุง ูู ุฃู ููุช ุงุฎุชุงุฑูุง ููุฐุง ูู ุงููุฏุงูุฉ ูู ู ุฌู ูุน ุงูููุงุฒู ูุฅู ูุงูุช ูุงุจูุฉ ุฃู ุบุณุงูุฉ ุฃู ูุงู ููุง ุญู ุนูู ุขุฎุฑ ุฃู ูุขุฎุฑ ุนูููุง ุญู ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุจุงูุฅุฐู ูุจุบูุฑ ุงูุฅุฐู ุนูู ูุฐุง ูู ุง ุนุฏุง ุฐูู ู ู ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุฌุงูุจ ูุนูุงุฏุชูู ูุงููููู ุฉ ูุง ูุฃุฐููุง ููุง ุชุฎุฑุฌ ููู ุฃุฐู ูุฎุฑุฌุช ูุงูุง ุนุงุตููู ูุชู ูุน ู ู ุงูุญู ุงู ูุฐุง ูู ูุชุญ ุงููุฏูุฑ ููู ุฃุฐู ููุง ูู ุงูุฎุฑูุฌ ูู ู ุฌูุณ ุงููุนุธ ุงูุฎุงูู ุนู ุงูุจุฏุน ูุง ุจุฃุณ ุจู ููุง ุชุณุงูุฑ ู ุน ุนุจุฏูุง ููู ุฎุตูุง ููุง ู ุน ุงุจููุง ุงูู ุฌูุณู ููุง ุจุฃุฎููุง ุฑุถุงุนุง ูู ุฒู ุงููุง ููุง ุจุงู ุฑุฃุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู. (ุงููุชุงูู ุงูููุฏูุฉ ุฌ ูกุ ุต ูฅูฅูง. ุฏุงุฑ ุงูููุฑ)
ูุงู ูู ุงูุจุฑููุฉ ุงูู ุญู ูุฏูุฉ: ูุนู ุงูุจุฒูุงุฒูููุฉ ููู ุฃูุฐููู ููููุง ุจูุงููุฎูุฑููุฌู ุฅููู ู ูุฌูููุณู ุงููููุนูุธู ุงููุฎูุงููู ุนููู ุงููุจูุฏูุนู ููุง ุจูุฃูุณู ุจููู ููููุง ููุฃูุฐููู ุจูุงููุฎูุฑููุฌู ุฅููู ุงููู ูุฌูููุณู ุงูููุฐูู ููุฌูุชูู ูุนู ููููู ุงูุฑููุฌูุงูู ููุงููููุณูุงุกู ููููููู ู ููู ุงููู ูููููุฑูุงุชู ููุงูุชููุตูุฏูููุฉู ููุฑูููุนู ุงููุฃูุตูููุงุชู ุงููู ูุฎูุชูููููุฉู ููุงููููุนูุจู ู ููู ุงููู ูุชููููููู ู ุจูุฅูููููุงุกู ุงููููู ูู ููุถูุฑูุจู ุงูุฑููุฌููู ุนูููู ุงููู ูููุจูุฑู ููุงููููููุงู ู ููุงูุตููุนููุฏู ููุงููููุฒูููู ุนููููู ููููููู ู ููู ุงููู ูุฐููููุฑู ู ูููุฑูููู ููููุง ููุญูุถูุฑู ููููุง ููุฃูุฐููู ููููุง ูููููู ููุนููู ููุชููุจู ุฅููู ุงูููููู ุชูุนูุงููู ุงููุชูููู. (ุงูุจุฑููุฉ ุงูู ุญู ูุฏูุฉ ูู ุดุฑุญ ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูู ุญู ุฏูุฉ: ุฌ ูฅุ ุต ูขู ูค)
ุงูู ุณุชูุงุฏ ู ู ุฃุญุณู ุงููุชุงูู: ุฌ ูจุ ุต ูฆูก. ุณุนูุฏ
[1] โMeans or cause of fitnahโ is not always directly from women as some incorrectly presume. The real means of fitnah is the corruptness of hearts of people (men or women) who prey on any avenue to yield their worldly pleasure, even if the avenue is prohibited upon them. (See the discussion of Ibn แธคajar al-Haytamฤซ produced below). When chaste women are out of homes, they are more prone to attack from such evil. Likewise, women with malicious desire emerging alone from home have higher tendency to involve in sin. It is this evil which transforms into a fitnah. Sharฤซโah has provided a way to close the avenue which leads to this fitnah. This is why there is no harm for women to accompany their close ones (maแธฅฤrim) when they go out, since the maแธฅฤrim become a shield for corrupt individuals from advancing towards her.
[2] The wording of the แธคadฤซth recorded in Sunan Abฤซ Dฤwลซd 1/426 (570) is: โThe แนฃalฤh of a woman performed in her home is more rewarding than her แนฃalฤh performed in her courtyard, and her แนฃalฤh performed in her bedroom is more rewarding than her แนฃalฤh performed in [the rest of] her home.โ The แธคadฤซth is graded by Shaykh Shuโayb al-Arnaโลซแนญ (raแธฅimahullฤh) (d. 1438 AH) as แธคasan.
[3] ููุงูู ุงููู ูุตูููููู ููู ุงููููุงููู ููุงููููุชูููู ุงููููููู ู ุนูููู ุงููููุฑูุงููุฉู ููู ุงูุตููููุงุฉู ูููููููุง ููุธููููุฑู ุงููููุณูุงุฏู ููู ูุชูู ููุฑููู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููู ูุณูุฌูุฏู ูููุตููููุงุฉู ููููุฃููู ููููุฑููู ุญูุถููุฑู ู ูุฌูุงููุณู ุงููููุนูุธู ุฎูุตููุตูุง ุนูููุฏู ููุคูููุงุกู ุงููุฌููููุงูู ุงูููุฐูููู ุชูุญููููููุง ุจูุญูููููุฉู ุงููุนูููู ูุงุกู ุฃูููููู. ุฐูููุฑููู ููุฎูุฑู ุงููุฅูุณูููุงู ู
[4] For example, Mawlana Dawood Seedat Saheb (https://dawoodseedat.co.za/) and Mawlana Saleem Dhorat Saheb (idauk.org)
Footnotes for Initial Response
[1] ููุช: ุฃุฑุฃูุช ุงููุณุงุก ูู ุชุฑุฎุต ููู ุฃู ูุญุถุฑู ุฐููุ ูุงู: ูุง ุฃุฑุฎุต ูููุณุงุก ูู ุดูุก ู ู ุงูุฎุฑูุฌ ุฅูุง ุงูุนุฌูุฒ ุงููุจูุฑุฉุ ูุฅูู ุฃุฑุฎุต ููุง ูู ุงูุฎุฑูุฌ ูู ุงูุนูุฏูู ููู ุตูุงุฉ ุงููุฌุฑ ูุงูุนุดุงุก. (ุงูุฃุตู: ุฌุูก ุตูฃูฆูฅ. ุฏุงุฑ ุงุจู ุญุฒู )
ููุช: ุฃุฑุฃูุช ุงููุณุงุก ูู ุนูููู ุฎุฑูุฌ ูู ุงูุนูุฏููุ ูุงู: ูุฏ ูุงู ูุฑุฎููุต ููู ูู ุฐููุ ูุฃู ุง ุงูููู ูุฅูู ุฃูุฑู ููู ุฐูู. (ุงูุฃุตู: ุฌูกุ ุตูฃูขูฃ. ุฏุงุฑ ุงุจู ุญุฒู )
[2] ููุง ูุจุงุญ ููุดูุงุจ ู ููู ุงูุฎุฑูุฌ ุฅูู ุงูุฌู ุงุนุงุช. (ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงูุตูุงุฆุน: ุฌูกุ ุต ูฆูฆูจ. ุฏุงุฑ ุงููุชุจ ุงูุนูู ูุฉ)
ุฃุฌู ุนูุง ุนูู ุฃูู ูุง ูุฑุฎุต ููุดูุงุจ ู ููู ุงูุฎุฑูุฌ ูู ุงูุฌู ุนุฉ ูุงูุนูุฏูู ูุดูุก ู ู ุงูุตูุงุฉ. (ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงูุตูุงุฆุน: ุฌ ูขุ ุตูขูฃูง. ุฏุงุฑ ุงููุชุจ ุงูุนูู ูุฉ)
[3] ูููุฑู ููู ุญุถูุฑ ุงูุฌู ุงุนุงุช “ูุนูู ุงูุดูุงุจ ู ููู ูู ุง ููู ู ู ุฎูู ุงููุชูุฉ ” ููุง ุจุฃุณ ููุนุฌูุฒ ุฃู ุชุฎุฑุฌ ูู ุงููุฌุฑ ูุงูู ุบุฑุจ ูุงูุนุดุงุก ” ููุฐุง ุนูุฏ ุฃุจู ุญูููุฉ ุฑุญู ู ุงููู ” ููุงูุง ูุฎุฑุฌู ูู ุงูุตููุงุช ูููุง ” ูุฃูู ูุง ูุชูุฉ ูููุฉ ุงูุฑุบุจุฉ ุฅูููุง ููุง ููุฑู ูู ุง ูู ุงูุนูุฏ ููู ุฃู ูุฑุท ุงูุดุจู ุญุงู ู ูุชูุน ุงููุชูุฉ ุบูุฑ ุฃู ุงููุณุงู ุงูุชุดุงุฑูู ูู ุงูุธูุฑ ูุงูุนุตุฑ ูุงูุฌู ุนุฉ ุฃู ุง ูู ุงููุฌุฑ ูุงูุนุดุงุก ููู ูุงุฆู ูู ููู ุงูู ุบุฑุจ ุจุงูุทุนุงู ู ุดุบูููู ูุงูุฌุจุงูุฉ ู ุชุณุนุฉ ููู ูููุง ุงูุงุนุชุฒุงู ุนู ุงูุฑุฌุงู ููุง ููุฑู. (ุงููุฏุงูุฉ ุดุฑุญ ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูู ุจุชุฏู: ุฌ ูกุ ุต ูจูฆ. ุฏุงุฑ ุงุญูุงุก ุงูุชุฑุงุซ ุงูุนุฑุจู)
[4] (ููููููุฑููู ููููููุณูุงุกู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููุฌูู ูุงุนูุงุชู) ูููููููููู – ุนููููููู ุงูุตููููุงุฉู ููุงูุณููููุงู ู -: ยซุจููููุชูููููู ุฎูููุฑู ูููููููยป ููููู ูุง ููููู ู ููู ุฎููููู ุงููููุชูููุฉู ููููุฐูุง ููู ุงูุดููููุงุจูู ุจูุงููุฅูุฌูู ูุงุนู. ุฃูู ููุง ุงููุนูุฌูุงุฆูุฒู ููููุฎูุฑูุฌููู ููู ุงููููุฌูุฑู ููุงููู ูุบูุฑูุจู ููุงููุนูุดูุงุกู. ููููุงูู: ููุฎูุฑูุฌููู ููู ุงูุตููููููุงุชู ูููููููุง ูููููููุนู ุงููุฃูู ููู ู ููู ุงููููุชูููุฉู ููู ุญููููููููู. ูููููู ุฃูููู ุงููููุณููุงูู ููููุชูุดูุฑูููู ููู ุงูุธููููุฑู ููุงููุนูุตูุฑู ููููู ุงููู ูุบูุฑูุจู ููุดูุชูุบูููููู ุจูุงููุนูุดูุงุกูุ ููููู ุงููููุฌูุฑู ููุงููุนูุดูุงุกู ูููููููููู ููููุงู ูุงุ ููููููููู ุณูุงููุทูุฉู ููุงููุทูุฉูุ ููุงููู ูุฎูุชูุงุฑู ููู ุฒูู ูุงููููุง ุฃููู ููุง ููุฌููุฒู ุดูููุกู ู ููู ุฐููููู ููููุณูุงุฏู ุงูุฒููู ูุงูู ููุงูุชููุธูุงููุฑู ุจูุงููููููุงุญูุดู. (ุงูุงุฎุชูุงุฑ ูุชุนููู ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑ: ุฌ ูกุ ุต ูฅูฉ. ู ุทุจุนุฉ ุงูุญูุจู โ ุงููุงูุฑุฉ)
[5] “ู” ูุฑู ุฌู ุงุนุฉ “ุงููุณุงุก” ุจูุงุญุฏุฉ ู ููู ููุง ูุญุถุฑู ุงูุฌู ุงุนุงุช ูู ุง ููู ู ู ุงููุชูุฉ ูุงูู ุฎุงููุฉ
ุซู ูุตู “ุงููุณุงุก” ุฅู ุญุถุฑู ูุฅูุง ููู ู ู ููุนุงุช ุนู ุญุถูุฑ ุงูุฌู ุงุนุงุช ูู ุง ุชูุฏู . (ู ุฑุงูู ุงูููุงุญ ุดุฑุญ ููุฑ ุงูุฅูุถุงุญ: ุตุ ูกูกูฆ. ุงูู ูุชุจุฉ ุงูุนุตุฑูุฉ)
[6] (ูููููููู ููููู ุงููููุงููู ุงููููุชูููู ุงููููููู ู ุนูููู ุงููููุฑูุงููุฉู ููู ููููู ุงูุตููููููุงุชู ุฅููู ุขุฎูุฑููู) ููุงูู ุบูููุฑููู ููุฃูููุชูู ุงููู ูุดูุงููุฎู ุงููู ูุชูุฃูุฎููุฑูููู ุจูู ูููุนู ุงููุนูุฌููุฒู ู ููู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููุฌูู ูุงุนูุงุชู ูููููููุง ุงูู. ูููููู ุฃูููููู ููู ูุง ููุง ููุฎูููู. ููููุงูู ููู ุงููููุงููู ููู ูุชูู ููุฑููู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููู ูุณูุฌูุฏู ูููุตููููุงุฉู ููุฃููู ููููุฑููู ุญูุถููุฑู ู ูุฌูุงููุณู ุงููููุนูุธู ุฎูุตููุตูุง ุนูููุฏู ููุคูููุงุกู ุงููุฌููููุงูู ุงูููุฐูููู ุชูุญููููููุง ุจูุญูููููุฉู ุงููุนูููู ูุงุกู ุฃููููููุ ุฐูููุฑููู ููุฎูุฑู ุงููุฅูุณูููุงู ู – ุฑูุญูู ููู ุงููููู. (ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงูุดุฑูุจูุงูู ุนูู ุฏุฑุฑ ุงูุญูุงู ุดุฑุญ ุบุฑุฑ ุงูุฃุญูุงู . ุฌ ูกุ ุต ูจูฆ. ุฏุงุฑ ุฅุญูุงุก ุงููุชุจ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ)
[7] (ูููููููู ููููุง ููุญูุถูุฑููู ุงููุฌูู ูุงุนูุงุชู) ูููููููููู ุชูุนูุงููู {ููููุฑููู ููู ุจููููุชูููููู} [ุงูุฃุญุฒุงุจ: ูฃูฃ] ููููุงูู – ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู – ยซุตูููุงุชูููุง ููู ููุนูุฑู ุจูููุชูููุง ุฃูููุถููู ู ููู ุตูููุงุชูููุง ููู ุตูุญููู ุฏูุงุฑูููุง ููุตูููุงุชูููุง ููู ุตูุญููู ุฏูุงุฑูููุง ุฃูููุถููู ู ููู ุตูููุงุชูููุง ููู ู ูุณูุฌูุฏูููุง ููุจููููุชูููููู ุฎูููุฑู ูููููููยป ููููุฃูููููู ููุง ููุคูู ููู ุงููููุชูููุฉู ู ููู ุฎูุฑููุฌูููููู ุฃูุทููููููู ููุดูู ููู ุงูุดููุงุจููุฉู ููุงููุนูุฌููุฒู ููุงูุตููููุงุฉู ุงููููููุงุฑููููุฉู ููุงูููููููููููุฉู ููุงูู ุงููู ูุตูููููู ููู ุงููููุงููู ููุงููููุชูููู ุงููููููู ู ุนูููู ุงููููุฑูุงููุฉู ููู ุงูุตููููุงุฉู ูููููููุง ููุธููููุฑู ุงููููุณูุงุฏู ููู ูุชูู ููุฑููู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููู ูุณูุฌูุฏู ูููุตููููุงุฉู ููููุฃููู ููููุฑููู ุญูุถููุฑู ู ูุฌูุงููุณู ุงููููุนูุธู ุฎูุตููุตูุง ุนูููุฏู ููุคูููุงุกู ุงููุฌููููุงูู ุงูููุฐูููู ุชูุญููููููุง ุจูุญูููููุฉู ุงููุนูููู ูุงุกู ุฃูููููู. ุฐูููุฑููู ููุฎูุฑู ุงููุฅูุณูููุงู ู ุงูู
ููููู ููุชูุญู ุงููููุฏููุฑู ุงููู ูุนูุชูู ูุฏู ู ูููุนู ุงููููููู ููู ุงููููููู ุฅูููุง ุงููุนูุฌูุงุฆูุฒู ุงููู ูุชูููุงููููุฉู ูููู ูุง ููุธูููุฑู ููู ุฏูููู ุงููุนูุฌูุงุฆูุฒู ุงููู ูุชูุจูุฑููุฌูุงุชู ููุฐูููุงุชู ุงูุฑููู ููู. ุงูู
ููููุฏู ููููุงูู ููุฐููู ุงููููุชูููู ุงูููุชูู ุงุนูุชูู ูุฏูููุง ุงููู ูุชูุฃูุฎููุฑูููู ู ูุฎูุงููููุฉู ููู ูุฐูููุจู ุงููุฅูู ูุงู ู ููุตูุงุญูุจููููู ููุฅููููููู ูุง ูููููููุง ุฃูููู ุงูุดููุงุจููุฉู ุชูู ูููุนู ู ูุทูููููุง ุงุชููููุงููุงุ ููุฃูู ููุง ุงููุนูุฌููุฒู ููููููุง ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููุฌูู ูุงุนูุฉู ุนูููุฏู ุฃูุจูู ุญููููููุฉู ููู ุงูุตููููุงุฉู ุฅูููุง ููู ุงูุธููููุฑู ููุงููุนูุตูุฑู ููุงููุฌูู ูุนูุฉูุ ููููุงููุง ููุฎูุฑูุฌู ุงููุนูุฌูุงุฆูุฒู ููู ุงูุตููููุงุฉู ูููููููุง ููู ูุง ููู ุงููููุฏูุงููุฉู ููุงููู ูุฌูู ูุนู ููุบูููุฑูููู ูุง ููุงููุฅูููุชูุงุกู ุจูู ูููุนู ุงููุนูุฌููุฒู ููู ุงููููููู ู ูุฎูุงูููู ููููููููู ููุงููุงุนูุชูู ูุงุฏู ุนูููู ู ูุฐูููุจู ุงููุฅูู ูุงู ูุ ููููู ุงููุฎูููุงุตูุฉู ู ููู ููุชูุงุจู ุงููููููุงุญู ููุฌููุฒู ูููุฒููููุฌู ุฃููู ููุฃูุฐููู ููููุง ุจูุงููุฎูุฑููุฌู ุฅููู ุณูุจูุนูุฉู ู ูููุงุถูุนู: ุฒูููุงุฑูุฉู ุงููููุงููุฏููููู ููุนูููุงุฏูุชูููู ูุง ููุชูุนูุฒูููุชูููู ูุง ุฃููู ุฃูุญูุฏูููู ูุง ููุฒูููุงุฑูุฉู ุงููู ูุญูุงุฑูู ูุ ููุฅููู ููุงููุชู ููุงุจูููุฉู ุฃููู ุบูุณููุงููุฉู ุฃููู ููุงูู ููููุง ุนูููู ุขุฎูุฑู ุญูููู ุชูุฎูุฑูุฌู ุจูุงููุฅูุฐููู ููุจูุบูููุฑู ุงููุฅูุฐููู ููุงููุญูุฌูู ุนูููู ููุฐูุงุ ูููููู ูุง ุนูุฏูุง ุฐููููู ู ููู ุฒูููุงุฑูุฉู ุบูููุฑู ุงููู ูุญูุงุฑูู ู ููุนูููุงุฏูุชูููู ู ููุงูููููููู ูุฉู ููุง ููุฃูุฐููู ููููุง ููููุง ุชูุฎูุฑูุฌูุ ูููููู ุฃูุฐููู ููุฎูุฑูุฌูุชู ููุงููุง ุนูุงุตููููููู ููุณูููุฃูุชูู ุชูู ูุงู ููู ุฅูู ุดูุงุกู ุงูููููู ุชูุนูุงููู
ย ู ูุญุฉ ุงูุฎุงูู
(ูููููููู ููููุฏู ููููุงูู ููุฐููู ุงููููุชูููู ุฅููุฎู) ููุงูู ููู ุงููููููุฑู ููููู ููุธูุฑู ุจููู ู ูุฃูุฎููุฐู ู ููู ูููููู ุงููุฅูู ูุงู ู ููุฐููููู ุฃูููููู ุฅูููู ูุง ู ูููุนูููุง ููููููุงู ู ุงููุญูุงู ููู ูููููู ููุฑูุทู ุงูุดููููููุฉู ุบูููุฑู ุฃูููู ุงููููุณูููุฉู ููุง ููููุชูุดูุฑูููู ููู ุงููู ูุบูุฑูุจูุ ููุฃููููููู ู ุจูุงูุทููุนูุงู ู ู ูุดูุบููููููู ููููู ุงููููุฌูุฑู ููุงููุนูุดูุงุกู ููุงุฆูู ูููู ููุฅูุฐูุง ููุฑูุถู ุงููุชูุดูุงุฑูููู ู ููู ููุฐููู ุงููุฃูููููุงุชู ููุบูููุจูุฉู ููุณูููููู ู ููู ูุง ูููู ููู ุฒูู ูุงููููุง ุจููู ุชูุญูุฑูููููู ู ุฅูููุงููุง ุฎููููู ุงูุชููุฑูุงุฆูู ููุงูู ุงููู ูููุนู ูููููุง ุฃูุธูููุฑู ู ููู ุงูุธููููุฑู ููุฅูุฐูุง ู ูููุนูุชู ุนููู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููุฌูู ูุงุนูุฉู ููู ูููุนูููุง ู ููู ุญูุถููุฑู ุงููููุนูุธู ููุงููุงุณูุชูุณูููุงุกู ุฃูููููู ููุฃูุฏูุฎููููู ุงููุนูููููููู – ุฑูุญูู ููู ุงูููููู – ููู ุงููุฌูู ูุงุนูุงุชู ููู ูุง ููููููุงูู ุฃูููููู. (ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฆู ุดุฑุญ ููุฒ ุงูุฏูุงุฆู ูู ูุญุฉ ุงูุฎุงูู ูุชูู ูุฉ ุงูุทูุฑู: ุฌ ูกุ ุต ูฃูจู )